7-5 犬隻髖關節分級對照-中英對照

■7-5 Hips Grades 犬髖關節分級制度（中英對照）■

PRA (Progressive retinal atrophy) 中譯為「進行性視網膜萎縮症」，是一種不良基因自然演化的遺傳病，簡單來說，視網膜有二個部份，一個負責昏暗光線，另一個負責區別顏色和白天光線﹝我們都知道視力是由光線折射形成的﹞，而PRA則是造成此二部份退化的原兇。通常在三至五歲視力就會開始退化，初期先是狗狗在黑暗中對光線的敏感度越來越差(夜盲)；中期開始白天的視力會漸漸衰退；到末期眼睛失明，直到完全看不見。　
OFA所做的動物髖關節遺傳性表現型評量分為七個等級, 分別為正常 (極好、好、正常)、模稜兩可、發育不全(輕微、中度、重度)。分級的判定是由三位不同的放射顯影專家來進行, 最後綜合三位專家的意見而獲得分級的結果。例如： 1. 二位專家認為是極好, 一位認為是好— 最後將分級為極好。 2. 一位專家認為是極好, 一位認為是好,一位認為是正常 — 最後將分級為好。 3. 一位專家認為是正常, 二位放射學家認為是輕微發育不良— 最後將分級為輕微發育不良。極好、好、正常等三個正常範圍內的分級將可獲得OFA認證編號, AKC認可其有效性,相關資訊儲存建檔於公用資料庫。模擬兩可、輕微、中度、重度發育不全等四個分級的X光片資料會由OFA的放射顯影專家檢閱後提出報告,歸納整理出X光片中不正常案例的調查結果。除非獲得飼主的許可,發育不全的X光片資料將不會公開於公用資料庫。

The phenotypic evaluation of hips done by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals falls into seven different categories. Those categories are normal (Excellent, Good, Fair), Borderline, and dysplastic (Mild, Moderate, Severe). Once each of the radiologists classifies the hip into one of the 7 phenotypes above, the final hip grade is decided by a consensus of the 3 independent outside evaluations. Examples would be: The evaluation of hips done by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals falls into seven different categories. Those categories are normal (, , ), , and dysplastic (, , ). Once each of the radiologists classifies the hip into one of the 7 phenotypes above, the final hip grade is decided by a consensus of the 3 independent outside evaluations. Examples would be: Two radiologists reported excellent, one good—the final grade would be excellent One radiologist reported excellent, one good, one fair—the final grade would be good One radiologist reported fair, two radiologists reported mild—the final grade would be mild The hip grades of excellent, good and fair are within normal limits and are given OFA numbers. This information is accepted by AKC on dogs with permanent identification (tattoo, microchip) and is in the public domain. Radiographs of borderline, mild, moderate and severely dysplastic hip grades are reviewed by the OFA radiologist and a radiographic report is generated documenting the abnormal radiographic findings. Unless the owner has chosen the open database, dysplastic hip grades are not in the public domain.